【新托福真题】2013年5月18日托福考试真题分享

兔斯基

2013年5月18日托福考试真题分享——听力部分

　　Conversation 1 （推荐信、转达）考古学教授答应帮学生的Graduate School Application写推荐信，但是学生查邮箱没有收到，下周立马有一所学校申请截止，所以焦急的找assistant问详情。这位教授期末有书稿截止、并且安排去澳大利亚沙漠实地研究，虽然她一贯行事缜密（on top of everything），但这件事确实疏忽了。Assistant答应给教授邮件联系，确保推荐信不耽误之后的学校，且建议学生另找其他教授，以防万一。

　　Conversation 2 （paper/Benjamin Franklin）学生过来跟教授讨论关于short paper和long paper两个的内容把握，关于Benjamin Franklin这个多才多艺的人物，到底细节添加把握到什么程度。教授建议，小论文，可以注重到富兰克林和Post Office的渊源；大论文可以扩宽内容，比如电力等其他方面的贡献。

　　Lecture 1(Astronomy-One of Saturn’s planet)讲Saturn的一个planet，重点讲述其可能有有机生命体存在，证据如下：Unlike other planets with craters all over its surface, the surface of this planet is crater free, which indicates internal activities. Its southern polar has those cracks referred to by scientists as the “tiger stripes”. This region lets out vents of vapor and is high in temperature. There are several explanations for the high temperature. The first being radioactive elements emitting the heat causing it to remain warm, but considering the size of this planet, it could not have contained enough radioactive materials within to sustain the high temperature. The second being the gravitational pull and the force from the planet creates the friction, but according to calculation, it is still not quite enough, still 5% off.This discussion is valuable for astrological exploit, because it is more likely to contain extraterrestrial life than Europa and Mars.

　　讲座解析：

　　天文学类的文章为大篇幅描述型文章，很容易中间走神

　　要学会由已知推未知，通过能听懂的单词和句子推导出生词部分

　　描述虽多，但层次分明，找好每一个层次的主旨

　　听懂结论很重要

　　锁定信号词

　　Lecture 2(Art History- Andy Warhol)Andy Warhol——The artist that challenges the authenticity of art.Unlike other artists who work in studios, he creates painting in factories mainly using silk-screening to mass-produce many pages of the same paintings.The argument lies in, if his factory workers make the paintings, and Warhol only signed them as the last procedure, is it really him that created the painting?Student 1: Like teachers leave painting assignments in class, every students hand in pieces of flowers, the teachers cannot sign the copy can call it his own.Student 2: Like Renaissance workshop, apprentices do part of the work according to the artists instruction, the artist signed the painting. It is still legitimate for Warhol to be the owner of those art, because he contributes the notion.Professor: It is worth discussion, and remains to be seen.

　　讲座解析：

　　艺术史是托福听力最常考到的话题，2013年12次考试中已经出现了10次

　　注意某个艺术家的艺术风格的特殊性分析

　　全文经常以一个具体案例分析

　　与同类艺术家的比较对比：共同点和区别

　　艺术风格之间的关联与互相影响

　　受到当时社会背景的影响或对社会的影响

　　讲座人个人的评价态度

　　Lecture 3(Zoology- Female Mule Deer respond to fawn’s cry)Female Mule Deer respond to fawn’s cry even though the fawn is not her own, for its cause there are several explanations:①?Recognizable error, the mule deer cannot tell the difference between the cry of her

　　own fawn and other fawn.

　　Not likely.Experiment: when a female mule deer’s fawn is right in from her, when she hears the cry in the microphone, she will also rush there immediately;

　　②Bedded Fawn Theory, because their fawn is lying in the burrow, so they are concerned when they hear the cry.

　　Not true.

　　The deer with bedded fawn and the deer with active fawn (fawn standing outside) reacted the same when hearing cry, no difference in intensity.

　　③Reciprocal altruism, expecting other mule deer would do the same for their fawn.

　　讲座解析：

　　动物也是托福当中常出现的话题，2013年12次考试中已经出现了9次

　　动物常出现比对类比型结构

　　每一次层次的例子和结论是重点

　　留意师生问答，老师给出的解释

　　教授观点

　　Lecture 4(Business- purchasing behavior)

　　Normally, a purchasing behavior consists of 5 steps:

　　明确需要-》信息收集-》产品比较-》购买发生-》产品反馈，一般中间可以缺失一两步，且顺序会稍有颠倒，但大致如此。但是，Impulse Buying是完全不符合这五步的一种购买行为。学生举例，自己去超市买东西，结账看到冰柜里有一瓶饮料，很贵，但包装很漂亮，他打开冰柜，摸在手里，冰凉的那种畅快让他决定买这瓶饮料。

教授分析，这叫Point to chase(POP)，鼓励大家触摸的一种方式购买（invites touching）。除此之外，还有upselling，就是跟顾客询问相关产品购买意向，比如快餐店老问您要fries么？教授谈到，虽然impulse buying不符合任何规律，但是研究还是有价值的，在商业销售当中，任何细节都是不应该放过的。比如曾经有一家薯片公司，在电影院发放薯片，电影结束回收袋子，数袋子里剩了多少片，就是为了知道一场电影能吃多少，放多少片合适。

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兔斯基

2013年5月18日托福考试真题分享——口语部分

　　Task 1

　　Talk about an interesting activity you recently participated in. Did everyone involved enjoy the activity? Give details and examples in your response.

　　参考答案

　　An interesting school activity I recently participated in was volunteer teaching. We went to a small, under-developed village that’s far from the city. Students from my school split into groups to teach the kids different classes. I was assigned to teach them English. I taught them some basic greeting skills that they thought was fun. During class breaks, all of us gathered outside to play sports of our choice. Some kicked around a soccer ball, some played the badminton and some played pingpong. Everyone had a blast. Everyone had a blast. I would love to visit the school again soon because everyone had a good time.

　　Task 2

　　Do you agree or disagree with the statement that parents are the best teacher for children? Give specific reasons and details in your response.

　　参考答案

　　I agree with the statement that parents are the best teacher for children for the following reasons. First, parents are all we have to learn from when we were young. When a baby is born, first thing he understands is his parent. We slowly learn to talk, walk, run, count and read with the help of parents. We need support, comfort and encouragement. And all of it is provided by our parents. Second, everyday parents slowly and unknowingly teach their kid how to survive in this world. And when the child grows up, he accomplished all the survival task and try to apply in his life. Sometimes he fails and sometimes he passes. Day by day he builds up the confidence in him.

　　Task 3

　　学生letter，建议建一个study lounge，在人文学院的楼里for学习人类学哲学的学生。男生同意，理由一：课件半小时看学生可以更有效地利用，因为到图书馆要花10分钟，太浪费时间；理由二：学生可以在课下仍在一起讨论，可以继续之前的话题讨论不会打断学生的思路。

　　解题要点

　　Reading

　　Announcement: The university is going to create a study lounge at the Humanities Building.

　　Reason 1: Doing so, the philosophy and literature students could have a place to relax between classes.

　　Reason 2: The study lounge can provide a place for group assignment and project.

　　Listening

　　The man agrees with this plan.

　　Reason 1: Most of their classes take place in this building. It takes 10 minutes to get to the library and 10 minutes to get back, but they only have a 30-minute-interval between classes. With this study lounge, they could do some meaningful things.

　　Reason 2: Student would have somewhere to discuss right after the class about the content that covered in the class. Like last time, during the Shakespeare course, he wanted to discuss Hamlet with his classmate. But they had nowhere to go, so they actually stood in the cold while talking, which was really inconvenient.

　　Task 4

　　backward framing，在被一些广告影响后，人们可能会改变自己所做的决定。教授例子，研究小组让受试者喝咖啡，咖啡处理过不好喝，受试者喝的时候回访TV program，讲的是一些人喝超好喝的咖啡，大家都很幸福。之后要求受试者写下体会，对咖啡的评价都是positive和delicious的。

　　解题要点

　　Term：Backward Framing

　　Definition：Consumer’s opinion about a product is altered after-the-fact by advertisement. (The advertisement could exert positive effect on consumers.)

　　Lecture：

　　Volunteers were asked to taste a gourmet coffee. But the researchers had added some salt and vinegar into it so they were certain that the coffee wouldn’t taste good. After that, they showed these volunteers some advertisement of this coffee, in which people were enjoying the coffee and having a good time. At last, when asked how they would describe the coffee, people said it was “delicious” and they “liked it”.

　　Task 5

　　男生要完成painting创作，他需要一个特别好的颜料但不够，校园内没有。选择一：网上买但需要5天，他没有时间了。选择二：坐公交去city买，但是不方便且会影响exam。

　　解题要点

　　Problem:The man has a painting due next week, but the painting is so big, that he has run out of the specific kind of paint he uses.

　　Solution 1: Order it online.

　　Pro：He remembers the manufacturer’s name.

　　Con：The shipment would take 5 days to get delivered, but he doesn’t have enough time.

　　Solution 2:Take the bus to the store where he originally bought the paint.

　　Pro：It takes only 1 day to get the paint he needs.

　　Con：He has to change buses two times, but he has a lot of stuff, like preparing for the exam, on his hands right now.

　　Task 6

　　动物seasonal机制。1：保证存活，兔子warm season换短毛，相对的换长毛，保证其不冷不热地生存下去。2：防止捕食者，S动物冬天换白毛，捕食者不容易发现他，因此他可以生存。

　　背景知识

　　Main Idea: Two ways that animal molting helps them to survive.

　　Way 1: Animals could change into the coat that is suitable to the weather.

　　Eg. Mountain hares (Europe) have thin and short coat in summer when the weather is warm, and they change the lighter coat into their winter coat, with the hairs twice as long and much thicker to prevent from the coldness.

　　Way 2: Animals can change the color of their coat to protect themselves from predators.

　　Eg: North America weasels have brown coat for the summer season. But when winter comes, when there is usually snow on the ground, they molt and change into white color, which helps them to blend in with the environment to help themselves from being identified.

兔斯基

2013年5月18日托福考试真题分享——阅读部分
　Passage 1
　　1890’s之前，美国尚未经历City Beautiful Movement，除却极个别的Washington D.C，当时的城市规划最大的特点就是——no urban planning.
影响美国人民住址选定的几个因素主要为：economics，preference to live individually, etc.
当时的两大特点为：1.随着移民风潮（migration）和大量农村人口涌入城市，城市对于住房的要求开始增长；2.大量城市人口（urbanites）考虑到城市居住诸多隐患，迁移乡村。
主要的城市居住弊端为，大量建筑材料易燃、楼距太近、城市明火使用导致火灾频发；排水系统不完善，进而啮齿类动物传播疾病，危及居民健康。
总而言之，当时的城市规划相当不完善，没有统一的政府监管，基础设施建设相当落后。
　　解析：本篇文章典型的历史类文章，讲城市的发展。重点讲了当时人们居住生活的特点，影响人们居住模式的因素，该居住模式带来的影响三大方面的内容。相关内容大家参照以下文章内容理解。
　　Rise of Industrial America
　　Between 1880 and 1900, cities in the United States grew at a dramatic rate. Owing most of their population growth to the expansion of industry, U.S. cities grew by about 15 million people in the two decades before 1900. Many of those who helped account for the population growth of cities were immigrants arriving from around the world. A steady stream of people from rural America also migrated to the cities during this period. Between 1880 and 1890, almost 40 percent of the townships in the United States lost population because of migration.
　　Industrial expansion and population growth radically changed the face of the nation's cities. Noise, traffic jams, slums, air pollution, and sanitation and health problems became commonplace. Mass transit, in the form of trolleys, cable cars, and subways, was built, and skyscrapers began to dominate city skylines. New communities, known as suburbs, began to be built just beyond the city. Commuters, those who lived in the suburbs and traveled in and out of the city for work, began to increase in number.
　　Many of those who resided in the city lived in rental apartments or tenement housing. Neighborhoods, especially for immigrant populations, were often the center of community life. In the enclave neighborhoods, many immigrant groups attempted to hold onto and practice precious customs and traditions. Even today, many neighborhoods or sections of some of the great cities in the United States reflect those ethnic heritages.
　　During the final years of the 1800s, industrial cities, with all the problems brought on by rapid population growth and lack of infrastructure to support the growth, occupied a special place in U.S. history. For all the problems, and there were many, the cities promoted a special bond between people and laid the foundation for the multiethnic, multicultural society that we cherish today
City Beautiful Movement
　　The City Beautiful Movement was a reform philosophy of North American architecture and urban planning that flourished during the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of introducing beautification and monumental grandeur in cities. The movement, which was originally associated mainly with Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Washington, D.C. promoted beauty not only for its own sake, but also to create moral and civic virtue among urban populations.[1] Advocates of the philosophy believed that such beautification could thus promote a harmonious social order that would increase the quality of life.
Origins and Effect
　　The movement began in the United States in response to crowding in tenement districts, a consequence of high birth rates, increased immigration and consolidation of rural populations into cities. The movement flourished for several decades, and in addition to the construction of monuments, it also achieved great influence in urban planning that endured throughout the 20th century, in particular in regard to the later creation of housing projects in the United States. The "Garden City" movement in Britain influenced the contemporary planning of some newer suburbs of London, and there was cross-influence between the two aesthetics, one based in formal garden plans and urbanization schemes and the other, with its "semi-detached villas" evoking a more rural atmosphere.
　　Passage 2
　　Topic: Honeybees Juvenile Hormone
在蜜蜂种群当中，根据年龄的不同，承担不同的任务，这种现象称之为“age polytheism”。比如，年幼的蜜蜂，一般在蜂巢工作，feed the queen and pupae；年长一点的蜜蜂，负责找食物（forage）和存储食物。分工不同的具体解释为，特定举动的频率会比较高，而并非彻底add or eliminate to the total number of the tasks they perform（此处考点）。
研究表明，如此的分工，主要是由于蜜蜂当中一种叫做Juvenile Hormone的物质进行控制。Juvenile Hormone随着蜜蜂年龄的增长，分泌的速率提升，JH刺激蜜蜂大脑当中叫做mushroom区域逐渐增大，导致最后行为的不同。
实验验证，摘除蜜蜂分泌JH的区域，人工注射JH类似物，能够使蜜蜂转变行为方式。
　　解析：本篇文章是典型关于动物行为的分析类文章。具体的文章结构应为提出一个现象：“在蜜蜂种群当中，根据年龄的不同，承担不同的任务，这种现象称之为“age polytheism”之后提出结论：“Juvenile Hormone的物质进行控制”。最后实验验证结论“摘除蜜蜂分泌JH的区域，人工注射JH类似物，能够使蜜蜂转变行为方式”的三部分。相应背景知识请大家参照以下内容把握。
　　Juvenile hormone
　　Juvenile hormones (JHs) are a group of acyclic sesquiterpenoids that regulate many aspects of insect physiology. JHs regulate development, reproduction, diapause, and polyphenisms.
　　In insects, JH (formerly called neotenin) refers to a group of hormones, which ensure growth of the larva, while preventing metamorphosis. Because of their rigid exoskeleton, insects grow in their development by successively shedding their exoskeleton (a process known as molting).
　　Juvenile hormones are secreted by a pair of endocrine glands behind the brain called the corpora allata. JHs are also important for the production of eggs in female insects.
　　JH was discovered in 1965 and the molecular structure solved in 1967.
　　Most insect species contain only juvenile hormone (JH) III. To date JH 0, JH I, and JH II have been identified only in the Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths). The form JHB3 (JH III bisepoxide) appears to be the most important JH in the Diptera, or flies.Certain species of crustaceans have been shown to produce and secrete methyl farnesoate, which is juvenile hormone III lacking the epoxide group. Methyl farnesoate is believed to play a role similar to that of JH in crustaceans
　　Juvenile hormones in honey bees
　　There is a complex interaction between JH, the hormone ecdysone and vitellogenin. In the development stage, as long as there is enough JH, the ecdysone promotes larva-to-larva molts. With lower amounts of JH, ecdysone promotes pupation. Complete absence of JH results in formation of the adult. In adult honey bees, JH and Vitellogenin titers in general show an inverse pattern.
　　JH titers in worker honey bees progressively increase through the first 15 or so days of the worker's life before the onset of foraging. During the first 15 days, workers perform tasks inside the hive, such as nursing larvae, constructing comb, and cleaning cells. JH titers peak around day 15; workers this age guard, remove dead bees from the colony, and fan at the colony entrance to cool the nest. Aggressiveness of guard bees is correlated with their blood JH levels. Even though guards have high JH levels, their ovaries are relatively undeveloped.Although, JH does not activate foraging. Rather it is involved in controlling the pace at which bees develop into foragers.
　　Vitellogenin titers are high at the beginning of adult life and slowly decrease.
　　JH has been known to be involved in the queen-worker caste differentiation during the larval stage.The unique negative relationship between JH and Vitellogenin may be important to the understanding of queen longevit
　　Passage 3
　　南美洲太平洋东岸的居民，每年都能迎来由南极洲方向洋流涌向赤道，在季风共同作用下，深层富含营养的冷水涌向海表层，带来大量的鳀鱼（anchovies）。但特定年份，海水异常温暖，持续2-3个月，因为发生在耶稣降临的月份周围，所以被称之为“圣婴（El Niño）现象”。
Gilbert Walker研究太平洋东岸和西岸气压发现了“跷跷板效应（Seesaw Effect）”，东岸气压高，则西岸气压低；反之亦然，该现象与厄尔尼诺有着千丝万缕的关系，所以合称——El Niño-Southern Oscillation。
　　回溯15世纪，西班牙人的各种记录，厄尔尼诺之前每隔6年发生一次，近年来有频率上升的趋势，每隔2年发生一次；且强度逐年增高，比如美国遭受暴雨侵袭等。
　　解析：本篇文章主要讲厄尔尼诺现象的影响，厄尔尼诺现象所带来的影响，以及该气候现象发生的频率等三大方面的主要内容。属于自然科学类文章中较为典型的文章结构类型，相应背景知识请大家阅读下面的文章了解
　　El Niño-Southern Oscillation
　　Definition
　　El Niño is defined by prolonged differences in the Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures when compared with the average value. The accepted definition is a warming or cooling of at least 0.5°C (0.9°F) averaged over the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean. Typically, this anomaly happens at irregular intervals of two to seven years, and lasts nine months to two years.The average period length is five years. When this warming or cooling occurs for only seven to nine months, it is classified as El Niño/La Niña "conditions"; when it occurs for more than that period, it is classified as El Niño/La Niña "episodes".
The first signs of an El Niño are:
　　Rise in surface pressure over the Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and Australia
    Fall in air pressure over Tahiti and the rest of the central and eastern Pacific Ocean
    Trade winds in the south Pacific weaken or head east
    Warm air rises near Peru, causing rain in the northern Peruvian deserts
    Warm water spreads from the west Pacific and the Indian Ocean to the east Pacific. It takes the rain with it, causing extensive drought in the western Pacific and rainfall in the normally dry eastern Pacific.
　　El Niño's warm rush of nutrient-poor water heated by its eastward passage in the Equatorial Current, replaces the cold, nutrient-rich surface water of the Humboldt Current. When El Niño conditions last for many months, extensive ocean warming and the reduction in easterly trade winds limits upwelling of cold nutrient-rich deep water, and its economic impact to local fishing for an international market can be serious.
　　Effects of El Niño
　　El Niño conditions influence wintertime atmospheric flow across the eastern North Pacific and North America. There is considerable event-to-event variability in the character of El Niño episodes and in some areas, impacts can vary substantially from one event to another. However, there are some sections of the United States where impacts are fairly consistent and predictable, especially when associated with strong El Niño episodes. In general, El Niño results in increased precipitation across California and the southern tier of states, and decreased precipitation in the Pacific Northwest and in the Ohio and Tennessee Valleys. A milder than normal winter across the northern states and western Canada is also a common effect. In the eastern United States, El Niño episodes favor more coastal storms at the expense of Alberta Clippers (fast eastward-tracking storms across the northern states) in winter and early spring. During the warm season, El Niño influences hurricane development, resulting in more eastern Pacific hurricanes and fewer Atlantic hurricanes.
　　Cultural history and prehistoric information
　　An early recorded mention of the term "El Niño" to refer to climate occurred in 1892, when Captain Camilo Carrillo told the geographical society congress in Lima that Peruvian sailors named the warm northerly current "El Niño" because it was most noticeable around Christmas. The phenomenon had long been of interest because of its effects on the guano industry and other enterprises that depend on biological productivity of the sea.
　　Charles Todd, in 1893, suggested droughts in India and Australia tended to occur at the same time; Norman Lockyer noted the same in 1904. An El Niño connection with flooding was reported in 1895 by Pezet and Eguiguren. In 1924, Gilbert Walker (for whom the Walker circulation is named) coined the term "Southern Oscillation".
　　The major 1982–83 El Niño led to an upsurge of interest from the scientific community. The period 1990–1994 was unusual in that El Niños have rarely occurred in such rapid succession. An especially intense El Niño event in 1998 caused an estimated 16% of the world's reef systems to die. The event temporarily warmed air temperature by 1.5°C, compared to the usual increase of 0.25°C associated with El Niño events. Since then, mass coral bleaching has become common worldwide, with all regions having suffered "severe bleaching".
　　Major ENSO events were recorded in the years 1790–93, 1828, 1876–78, 1891, 1925–26, 1972–73, 1982–83, 1997–98 and 2009–2010, with 1997-1998 being one of the strongest ever.

兔斯基

2013年5月18日托福考试真题分享——写作部分

　　综合写作：

　　美国的ANDE wall是不是一种防御机制。

　　Reading: 不是 prehistoric defensive constructions (forts) in Andes are unusual

　　wall不是连续的，有gaps，不能达到防御的目的

　　in some places, walls are absent, making them vulnerable to attack;

　　2.wall 由multiple entranceways构成，而一般的防御建筑只有一个出口和入口 they have multiple entranceways, while normally other forts have 1 or 2 gates only;

　　3.没有walls和储水的地方，无法供给城内抵御外敌 lack of space to store enough water

　　Listening: 赞成

　　这些gaps都是悬崖之类，通常是容易受攻击的地方

　　The places that don’t have walls because they are naturally defended by cliffs or steep mountains;

　　这些ways是用来contact，因为site在large area，而且这些通道很窄

　　Entranceways all face clear open space with great visibility, people in the forts could easily spot potential attackers, to block the gate and get prepared;

　　3. 敌人也要面临食物和水短缺的问题，因为这里气候干燥

　　Andes region is dry, without enough food and water for the army, they wouldn’t choose to surround the forts and wait till they surrender. If the fort could withstand the initial attack, it could survive.

　　独立写作：

　　Government should support scientific research even if the research does not have any practical use.