为使大家更透彻地了解全文主旨句,请大家先仔细阅读下列句子,判断哪些句子是有效的主旨句,并说明理由:
1. Our classroom is clean, bright and cozy.
主旨过窄,无法展开来写,是无效的主旨。
2. Though facing many serious difficulties, our reform is still a successful one.
有效主旨,既不过于宽泛也不过于细节,留有继续拓展的余地。
3. The sun is very important.
这句话话题过大,无法把握,用几十万字的篇幅来叙述也未必说得够详尽。作为主旨显得过宽,比较含糊,不能让读者明白作者想写什么,因而是无效主旨。
根据英美人的写作习惯,全文主旨句在文章首段的最后一句出现为宜。全文主旨句和段落主题句是作者思维的起点,切题的准绳。好的段落主题句,不但切题,便于围绕主旨句进行扩展,而又常常给读者一种一针见血的感受。看到段落主题句,读者应大致了解段落要阐述的内容,因而段落主题句通常是一个语法结构完整、内容概括、用词简洁、明了的单句。通常将段落主题句置于段落的开头,可使文章结构更清晰,说服力更强。
4.参照提纲,紧扣主题句,完成段落。
有了段落主题句后,还需要顺着段落主题句的方向,参照提纲中的思路,从而完成各个段落。写作段落时,要尽可能多地搜集细节来支持主题。下面给考生呈上有关“电视对孩子不良影响”的引言段、各段主题句及结论部分,供大家欣赏参考:
Introduction: Television contributions to society, positive and negative, have been debated continually since this piece of technology invaded the average American household in the 1950s.
Topic sentences:
1. TV distorts reality by selecting certain kinds of images and omitting others and by portraying people in a stereotyped way.
2. TV affects human relationships as well as behavior by influencing our feelings about ourselves and our expectations for ourselves and others.
3. Exposure to stereotyped presentations can easily influence viewers' behavior toward unfamiliar people.
4. Perhaps most serious are the effects of information distortions on the child's self-image.
Conclusion:
TV programs should demonstrate a realistic lifestyle and a responsible sense of behavior. The many hours children spend in front of the television can obviously influence their view of the world. According to TV, how does the world in fact work ? As a society, we cannot afford the consequences resulting from the distortions of reality portrayed every day in these shows.
5.检查和修改
托福考试时间紧张,匆匆完稿之后,疏漏在所难免,因而有必要复查,修改,及时纠正偏差,堵塞漏洞,从而将作文质量再提高一步。建议大家主要针对以下五个重点部位仔细核查: A 文章是否切题
将文章与提纲对比,看看是否已清楚地表达了想要写的内容。可以从三方面进行考查:一是整篇文章内容是否切合文章标题要求;二是段落主题句的内容是否与各段落提示句内容相一致;三是段落内部的内容是否与段落主题句的表达相一致。如果发现任何一个层面不切题,应尽可能弥补,删除那些多余的或不切题的地方;增添残缺的、语义表达不足的地方。由于时间所限,删的内容一定要精,要切中要害,切忌动“大手术”。 B 句子是否相互连贯
检查上下文是否连贯,句子衔接是否自然流畅,检验的标准主要是句子是否通顺,该用过渡词的地方用了没有,以及所用的过渡词是否合适。 C 是否使用了一些错误的或不恰当的词语 检查文章中是否有用词不当的情况,要选择自己最有把握的词来表达思想,忌用生词、大词,避免中文式英语。 D 是否有语法错误
主谓是否一致,动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确,词组的搭配是否合乎习惯。为避免不必要的语法错误,对把握性不大的词组、句型绝不要用。而应使用那些自己熟悉的词组、句型来表达相同或相近的意思。 E 是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误,写作格式是否符合要求
写作格式规范容易赢得阅卷老师的印象分。留意下面一些常见格式要求:
文章标题用引号,
书名用斜体,
每段的第一行要空格,即留出4至5个字母的空格。